国宝・久能山東照宮社殿 / The National Treasure Shrine Buildings of Kunozan Toshogu
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第十二話 久能山東照宮 ７．国宝・久能山東照宮社殿
国宝・久能山東照宮社殿
太鼓の音が響く中、門の内側へ進むと、久能山東照宮の中心となる社殿に入ります。奥にある本殿は、神様がお住まいになる場所とされ、中央に徳川家康公、右に豊臣秀吉公、左に織田信長公が祀られています。
社殿には黒、金、茶などの色が用いられ、五色を基本にした極彩色の装飾が施されています。建物を手がけたのは、中井大和守正清です。法隆寺の修理や、京都の二条城二の丸御殿、仁和寺金堂などにも関わった大工として知られています。
この建物では、自然の光の取り入れ方にも工夫があります。廊下の漆が鏡のように光を反射し、その光が室内に入るように考えられているといいます。電気のない時代に、光をどう生かすかまで計算された建築です。
社殿は、本殿、石の間、拝殿から成り立っています。神様のいる本殿は少し高く、一般の人が参拝する拝殿との間を石の間がつないでいます。この形式は「権現造」と呼ばれ、徳川家康公を祀る久能山東照宮が、その最初の例とされています。
石の間は、神職が祭祀を行う場所でもあります。前方に神様、後方に参拝者、その間に祈りをつなぐ場所があるという構成です。久能山東照宮の社殿は、家康公を祀るために考え抜かれた、中心的な建物です。
The National Treasure Shrine Buildings of Kunozan Toshogu
As the sound of drums echoes through the grounds, visitors pass through the gate and enter the central shrine complex of Kunozan Toshogu Shrine. At the rear stands the main sanctuary, regarded as the place where the deities reside. Tokugawa Ieyasu is enshrined in the center, with Toyotomi Hideyoshi on the right and Oda Nobunaga on the left.
The shrine buildings are decorated with black, gold, brown, and other colors, using a richly colored style based on the traditional five colors. The complex was built by the master carpenter Nakai Yamato-no-Kami Masakiyo, who is also known for work connected with the restoration of Horyuji Temple, as well as structures such as the Ninomaru Palace of Nijo Castle and the Kondo Hall of Ninna-ji Temple in Kyoto.
The architecture also reflects careful consideration of natural light. The lacquered corridors are designed to reflect light like mirrors, allowing illumination to enter the interior spaces. In an age before electricity, the building was planned with attention to how natural light could be used effectively.
The shrine complex consists of the main sanctuary, the Ishi-no-Ma connecting chamber, and the worship hall. The main sanctuary, where the deity is enshrined, is built slightly higher than the worship hall used by visitors. Between them is the Ishi-no-Ma, which links the sacred and public spaces. This architectural style is known as Gongen-zukuri, and Kunozan Toshogu, dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, is regarded as the earliest example of this form.
The Ishi-no-Ma also serves as the place where Shinto rituals are conducted. The arrangement places the deity in front, worshippers behind, and the ritual space between them. The shrine buildings of Kunozan Toshogu were designed as the central structure for the enshrinement of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
